Chapter 3, Parenthood Education Curriculum:
Understanding Development: A Healthy Prenatal Environment Page 3
Eat a healthy and well-balanced diet: The unborn baby lives on what the mother eats. Eating a
variety of foods each day is the best way to make certain that both mother and baby are
getting all the nutrients they need. Foods from each of the five food groups – fruits, vegetables,
bread and cereal, milk and milk products, and meat or other protein foods - should be included
daily. A nutritious diet will aid in achieving a more comfortable pregnancy and in delivering a
healthy baby.
Health of the baby’s father: In recent years more attention has been given to the father’s
contribution in pregnancy. A father’s drug habit at the time of conception may influence the
outcome of pregnancy. It is important that the father also discontinue the use of drugs, alcohol,
and tobacco. Quitting smoking will improve the health of everyone in the family since
secondhand smoke is nearly as dangerous as firsthand smoke. Smoking, in fact, increases the
baby’s risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
Effect of HIV/AIDS: HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is the virus that causes AIDS (acquired
immune deficiency syndrome); 2 out of every 1000 women who enter pregnancy are HIV
positive. Research has shown that an infected woman can pass the virus to her baby as early as
the 8
th
week of pregnancy. If a woman is in the early course of the illness she may have an
uneventful pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding. However, research shows that the risk of a
woman infected with HIV passing the virus to her baby can now greatly be reduced and nearly
eliminated. If she takes an AZT during pregnancy and has a Cesarean delivery, she reduces the
risk of passing the virus (Curtis, 2004).
Birth Defects: According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, birth defects affect
about one in every 33 babies born in the United States each year. They are the leading cause
of infant deaths, accounting for more than 20% of all infant deaths. The risks of hereditary
abnormalities can be predicted and prevented by genetic counseling. There are more than
13,000 known inherited gene disorders. Each year in the United States about 150,000 babies are
born with some type of birth defect. In addition, certain ethnic groups have a higher chance or
incidence of specific genetic defects. Certain medications, chemicals, and pesticides can also
put a couple at risk (Curtis 2004). Genetic counseling brings couples together with professionals
who are trained to deal with questions and problems associated with the occurrence of genetic
problems.
Some hereditary factors may cause prenatal development not to proceed normally, causing
birth defects. Some of these defects, such as sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, color blindness
and muscular dystrophy can be traced back to parent’s genes. Down syndrome, also known as
Trisomy 21, is a well known inherited disorder and is characterized by mental retardation and
slow physical development. Women over 35 have an increased risk of bearing a baby with
Down syndrome. Testing, such as an amniocentesis, can be done to see whether or not the
baby has Down syndrome. An amniocentesis is a process where a small amount of amniotic
fluid surrounding the baby is withdrawn and is examined for defects. Other types of prenatal
testing include Triple Screen (MSAFP), blood tests, and Alpha-fetoprotein tests
.
The type of medical care selected during pregnancy and delivery of the baby depends on
personal preferences and finances. The choices include general practitioners, obstetricians,
nurse practitioners and certified nurse-midwives. Information for what is available in
communities can be found at local hospitals, public health departments or medical societies.
There are services available in more communities for those parent-to-be who need financial
help. A variety of health care providers are generally available
.
Teen pregnancy, especially when women are younger than 17, increases the health risks for
both mother and baby. Babies born to teen parents often do not receive adequate
nourishment and prenatal care. There is also a risk of having a baby being born prematurely